Neuroscience of meditation
Meditation, once rooted as a mystical practice in Far Eastern traditions, has gained worldwide scientific recognition in recent decades. Neuroscientific research has provided significant insights into what happens in the brain during meditation and shows how regular meditative practice can influence the structure and function of our brain.
Changes in brain activity
During meditation, imaging techniques such as fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and EEG (electroencephalography) show specific changes in brain activity. A key component is a reduction in beta waves, which are associated with active thinking and mental restlessness, and an increase in alpha and theta waves, which correlate with relaxation and a heightened state of consciousness.
Structural changes in the brain
Long-term meditators also show structural changes in different regions of the brain. Studies have shown an increase in grey matter in areas such as the hippocampus, which is important for memory and emotion regulation, and in parts of the frontal cortex, which is associated with higher cognitive functions such as planning and problem solving. Such changes could explain why meditation is often associated with improved cognitive abilities and emotional stability.
The Default Mode Network (DMN)
Also of interest is the effect of meditation on the “Default Mode Network” (DMN), which is active when the brain is put into a state of rest and is not focussed on the outside world. The DMN is often associated with self-reflection and mind-wandering. Meditation appears to reduce activity in this network, which is associated with reduced rumination and improved presence in the here and now.
Neuroplasticity and stress reduction
Meditation also activates the brain’s neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to change structurally and functionally in response to experience and learning. This may help to explain how meditation helps to improve resilience to stress. Studies show that regular meditation reduces the release of stress hormones and modulates the brain’s response to stress and anxiety.
Cognitive reserve and ageing
Long-term meditators often show greater cognitive reserve, meaning that their brains are better able to counteract age-related cognitive decline. This is partly attributed to the increased neural efficiency promoted by regular meditative practice.
